MIDDLE RANGE NURSING THEORY Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

MIDDLE RANGE NURSING THEORY - Research Paper Example In the same way, it is necessary for nurses to understand the different concepts of nursing strategies and various psychological and philosophical aspects of quality nursing care. Theoretical frameworks including middle range theories clearly define the nursing standards for the modern world. This paper will provide an overview of the concept and evolution of Middle Range Theories of Nursing and their applicability in today’s healthcare scenario. Concepts: Origin and Development Middle range theories are precise and moderate, and possess limited number of variables; hence, they effectively define nursing care standards. To be specific, middle range theories can be effectively applied in the field of nursing research and practice as their practicality can be directly tested. To define, â€Å"mid-range theories stand midway between the all encompassing global grand theories that address the entire discipline and hypotheses and theories that are very specific to a particular phe nomenon or population† (Lenz, 2006, n.p). As compared to grand theories, Middle range theories are more concrete and narrow. To illustrate, they are written relatively at specific level with limited number of propositions and ideas. Theory of Human Caring (Watson), Theory of Interpersonal Relations (Peplau), and Theory of the Deliberative Nursing Process (Orlando) are some of the well known middle range nursing theories. With regard to the progress of middle range theories, they are based on the results derived from practice and research that can provide clear direction for casual practice and intellectual practice in the discipline further. The past century witnessed a notable level of progress in the middle range theories. Except a few, most of the middle-range theories have come directly from clinicians’ experience. The middle-range theory helps to mark certain condition of the related signs and future approach for symptom management in caring patients. The theory al so emphasis on the result of various expressions or conditions with regard to the patient’s performance, and encourages the clear evaluation of patient’s working outcomes. Lieher and Smith (1999), has listed â€Å"the relationship between the intellectual process and the source of content related to the development of middle-range theories†; they include â€Å"Inductive theory-building theory through practice, Deductive theory. Building from grand nursing theories, Combining existing nursing and non-nursing theories, and Developing theories from clinical practice guidelines â€Å" (Source: Approaches for generating middle range theory. Para. 1. As cited Peterson & Bredow, 2009, in p. 31). Middle range theories are of mainly three types; Middle-range descriptive theories, Middle-range predictive theories, and Middle-range explanatory theories. These variations could be analyzed on the basis of their characteristics and with most relevant examples. Among these, Middle-range descriptive theories usually encompass only a single main concept to classify a phenomenon. While doing so, it simply lists the generalities observed in individuals and groups, and these theories are normally tested by means of descriptive research. The interpersonal Relations (Peplau, 1952) is an example of a middle-range descriptive theory. Peplau’s theory focused on the therapeutic relationship between the nurse and the patient, which is termed as the Nurse-Client Relationship. In contrast, Middle-range expl

Progressive Era Through the Great Depression Essay

Progressive Era Through the Great Depression - Essay Example During the above period, some historical turning points were felt by the Americans. Progressivism came about in the early 20th century as a varied inclination, different in various parts of the State and including all members from political parties. The period became the country’s first leading mindset to support state intervention in free market and in individual liberty in every sphere and at all levels (Perry & Manners, 2006). Moreover, the period made a history in a quick expansion for American capitalism, while at the same time the ruling class soared confidence. Leading economists declared that the era of slumps and booms was a past, and it was time for the US economy to experience permanent prosperity. All these proclamations were made during the 1920s, but before the progressive era was over, the worst depression had hit the US economy. The 1929 stock market collapse which manifested the start of the great depression brought in a period of submersion for almost the ent ire working class. As a result of government intervention in free market, major businesses made more profits while wages continued to be low and workers failed to buy the goods they contributed in production. The banking and financial systems were not regulated and some banks had crashed during the 1920s. Automotive and construction industries, whose business had boomed during the progressive era slowed down at the great depression (Hofstadter, 2011). By the year 1919, when the United States’ congress approved the 19th amendment to grant full voting rights to women, 13 out of 16 states in the west had already granted full suffrage to women. Wyoming was the first state to grant suffrage to women in 1869. In contrast, Eastern and southern states, suffragists had the ability to win the voting right before the federal amendment only in two states that is in Michigan in 1918 and New York in 1917. One of the key reasons for the women’s right was the idiosyncratic circumstanc es in all the suffrage states. The fact that the West was the forerunner in granting the rights suggests a number of common social conditions at work in the Western region, contrary to the other regions (Perry & Manners, 2006). Presidents Roosevelt, Wilson, and Taft all adopted the progressive reform spirit in the legislation that they campaigned for, and in their view of the federal regime’s role in the life of the state. Despite attempting to continue with Roosevelt’s basic directions and policies, Taft’s presidency was not smooth, and a sour rift developed between them and within their party, paving way for Democrat Woodrow Wilson. One of the legislation was the spirit of progressivism. Regardless of divergent concerns and philosophical differences, progressives held to many basic doctrines. They were hopeful about human nature as they tried to humanize and adjust to big politics and businesses. They believed in the significance of direct intervention in citi zens’ lives and wanted the government by all means to actively participate in manifesting reform. All these presidents were driven by their protestant ethics to reform the state using science techniques (Hofstadter, 2011). The Underwood tariff reduced the levy charged on imports and included a new income tax. Thus, the lost revenue was replaced by the tax, authorized by the 16th constitutional amendment. On the other hand, Wilson reforms were not just targeted at Wall Street, but he

M Night Shyamalan, The Auteur

M Night Shyamalan, The Auteur Manoj Nelliyattu Shyamalan, also known as M. Night Shyamalan, has earned his auteur reputation with film productions such as The Sixth Sense, Unbreakable, and The Signs. He is best known for his ability to create a thoroughly fictional world with unbelievable events. His style is well expressed through his films as most of his stories focus on the supernatural. In this respect, M. Night Shyamalan can easily manipulate the viewers expectations by means of mystical elements and breath-taking twists. It can be claimed that M. Night Shyamalan achieved great success with the 1999 blockbuster The Sixth Sense. The narrative structure of the film could be interpreted from two quite different perspectives. On the one hand, Malcolm Crowe is a therapist, who survives a gun shot accident and tries to help Cole Sear, a very young and emotionally introverted child. On the other hand, the intensity that surrounds the entire storyline of the film keeps the audience in suspense until the very end of the film, only to reveal that Crowe has been murdered. The story then takes the viewers to a completely different dimension where Crowes presence is not physical anymore as he roams as a ghost who can be only seen by Cole. Indeed, it is the young Cole who helps Malcolm understand that he must leave his mournful life in the past and move on to take his place among the living dead. This is a perfect example of how M. Night Shyamalan can play games with the viewers expectations. After the enormous success of The Sixth Sense, M. Night Shyamalan came back with yet another thrilling film. Unbreakable is a story about ordinary people looking for the supernatural element or event in their lives. Bruce Willis plays the role of David Dunn who soon realizes he has extraordinary abilities as a consequence of a train accident. The relationship between him and his son, Joseph, emphasizes the supernatural element as Joseph is very excited with the idea that his father is a real-life superhero. Meanwhile, David and his wife, Audrey, have to patch up their crumbling marriage. Sooner rather than later, however, David meets Elijah Price, played by Samuel Jackson, who thinks and actually tries to persuade David that he is, indeed, a modern-day superhero. M. Night Shyamalan succeeds again in surprising the audience with another twist in the plot. The viewers realize at the end of the film that Elijah has staged numerous disasters for the past few years in order for him to dis cover his superhero ego. Signs is yet another example of a typically characteristic M. Night Shyamalan film. Released in 2002, the film explores a different supernatural phenomenon of crop circles that soon turn out to be an alien invasion of global scale. Hollywood star Mel Gibson plays Graham Hess who is a former minister of religion. As soon as his wife dies in a car accident, Graham decides to renounce his faith in God. Throughout the film Hess recollects the moment he saw his wife for the very last time and M. Night Shyamalan does an excellent job in conveying hidden messages. She talks to him about their family and asks him to tell his brother and a former baseball player, Merrill, to swing away. Although the audience might consider his wifes death as a random event in the storyline, the films finale proves that it is not a random event after all. In the scene where the alien is about to kill his son, Graham again remembers the moment when he talked to his wife just before she died. It is then when she somehow managed to foresee the future and tell her beloved how to save his family. Therefore, M. Night Shyamalan presents a story of Grahams moral passage from his loss in divine providence to the conditions that help him regain his religious faith again. It can be even argued that Graham is quite similar to Bruce Williss hero in The Sixth Sense who realizes and reconciles with the fact that he is a living dead man. In addition, the three films share common storyline features and themes. In The Sixth Sense Crowe cannot realize that he is a ghost at first and in Unbreakable David does not believe in his extraordinary powers and learns from both his son and Elijah that he must embrace them and the responsibility that comes with them. In Unbreakable Shyamalan presents the human side of mystical events in quite a new theme where he illustrates how different people could be. In Signs Mel Gibsons character questions his faith in God until the moment he understands that the circumstances, which helped him save his family, are not accidental. Indeed, Signs bears a strong religious theme as Graham Hess is being subjected to a test of what he actually believes in and why he believes it. Aided by a recovered memory and a supernatural occurrence, Graham Hess manages to revive his relationship with God. Moreover, not only does M. Night Shyamalan pay attention to the storyline of all his films, but he also focuses on interpersonal relations. It is important to note the strong relationship between Malcolm and Cole in The Sixth Sense, David and his son, Joseph, in Unbreakable, and Graham with both his children Morgan and Bo as well as Merrill, his younger brother, with his nephew and niece in Signs. Another aspect of Shyamalans work is the slow pace he imposes on the plot. Malcolm Crowe gradually realizes that he is dead in The Sixth Sense, David Dunn gradually sees the superhuman powers he has in Unbreakable, and Graham Hess gradually rediscovers his faith in God in Signs. Also, in order to establish a stronger and more emotional bond between the characters, M. Night Shyamalan uses long-take shots. For example, in The Sixth Sense shot duration helps him build up emotional bonds not only between Malcolm and Cole, but also between Cole and his mother, Lynn. There is also a scene in Unbreakable which is a direct analogue of the one that takes place at the Anniversary Dinner restaurant in The Sixth Sense with the only exception being that David Dunn is alive as he talks to his wife, Audrey. M. Night Shyamalan makes use of long-take shots in Signs as well in order to highlight the strong bond between the two brothers. The most notable scene between Graham and Merrill is when they sit before the television set and have a long conversation, in which they share their feelings on the menacing alien invasion and what they believe in. In such dialogue scenes, long-take shots are the most appropriate visual tool that can cast further emphasis on the strong emotion al relationships between the main characters. Furthermore, M. Night Shyamalan uses windows, glasses, and mirrors as symbols for thematic reasons in most of his films. For example, in The Sixth Sense M. Night Shyamalan uses parallel shots and mirror images in a scene where Crowes wife, Anna, appears with a bottle of wine in order for them to celebrate the award Malcolm has earned for outstanding achievement in the field of child therapy. Sitting in front of the fireplace they both enjoy it sarcastically, with their images reflected in the glass encased award. Shyamalan shows Malcolm and Anna as well as their reflection in parallel shots with purpose. The mirror image symbolizes the false reality of Crowe who soon becomes a reflection of himself. In addition, reflected images take an important part in Signs as well. When Graham comes out of the basement he feels as if the aliens are already gone and everything is back to normal again. It is then when he goes to take the television set from the closet and rolls it back into the living room. The timing of the scene turns into a powerful device as it only contributes to the one of the most horrifying scenes in the film. As soon as Graham brings the television set, there is a loud sound which emphasizes the terrifying revelation of an alien reflected on the screen. Similar shots are used in Unbreakable where the image of Elijah Price is reflected on a television set as well. It is an indisputable fact that the great amount of themes Shyamalan uses in his films reflects his directing style. Last but not least, M. Night Shyamalan makes cameo appearances in most of his films. In The Sixth Sense he appears as a doctor and shows in quite a short scene with Coles mother. In Unbreakable he plays the role of a drug dealer at a stadium, while in Signs Shyamalan takes a bigger part as Ray Reddy, the veterinarian who is accused guilty by Graham of the car accident, in which Grahams wife died. In conclusion, the slow pace and mystical elements constitute the plots as well as the characters in M. Night Shyamalans films. This is what appears to be his signature and philosophy in terms of directing and this is why I think his films are far better than the ordinary horror and thriller films. In addition to the visual technique, he also makes use of mystical elements and ambiguity in such a way that the storyline can easily get under the viewers skin and hold suspension until the very end.

Structure and Development of The Australian Curriculum Essay -- Educat

The Australian Curriculum has been a 'long time coming', but its great that it is almost here now. The Australian Curriculum has been designed with some relation to Tyler and Skillbeck's models. It is suspected that theorists such as Piaget were also considered during the development. The Australian Curriculum relates to Piaget's stages of progression, with curriculum being designed for specific levels of maturation and development. With students of this generation, it was incredibly important that an updated, curriculum was to be designed so that it could facilitate the needs of the 21st century learners. This new generation of learners seem to be almost born with basic computer skills, so the ICT program has been completely redeveloped. The curriculum has also expanded to make way for Asian studies which will help students as they move into their careers. The Australian Curriculum has been developed to cover a broad range of topics, concerns and values that will be discussed throug hout this paper. The Australian Curriculum is organised in a few different ways. There are two main design elements, Curriculum content (what the teacher is to teach) and Achievement standards (what the student is to learn). There is also Reporting Framework which incorporates elements of both areas. These elements were designed to provide guidelines as to what would be included in the Australian Curriculum. The Curriculum Content is organised into categories (strands), and are presented with descriptions to report and describe what is to be taught at each year level. Together, these descriptions form the scope and sequence across all covered years of schooling (Foundation to Year Ten). The areas of study covered in each year build upon the previou... ...ost-school lives. The Australian Curriculum prepares students for their roles in a family and for a career that will have the use of computers at least in some parts of the business. The Australian Curriculum prepares students for the world that they will have to face confidently, and living with their morals, values and knowledge of who they really are. References: ACARA. (2010). The Shape of the Australian Curriculum Document V2.0. Retrieved from http://www.acara.edu.au/verve/_resources/Shape_of_the_Australian_Curriculum.pdf Marsh, C. (2010). Becoming a teacher: Knowledge, skills and issues. 5th Ed. Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson. Brady, L., Kennedy, K. (2010). Curriculum Construction. 4th Ed. Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson. Wilson, L. (2005). Leslie Owen Wilson's Curriculum Index. Retrieved from http://www.uwsp.edu/education/lwilson/curric/curtyp.htm

In the arms of the angel

Many debilitate feelings come from irrational thoughts, called â€Å"fallacies† here. Often times we are not aware of these thoughts, which makes them particularly powerful. 1. The Fallacy of Perfection: the belief that you should be able to handle every situation with confidence and skill. Once you believe that It Is possible to be a perfect communicator, the next step is to believe that others wont Like you If you're not perfect. If you feel this way, sharing feelings of uncertainty or admitting your mistakes seem like social defects.Trying to appear perfect uses up energy and risks friendships. Your self-esteem suffers as well when you don't measure up to your own expectations. It is a relief when you accept the idea that you're not perfect, and that: Like everyone else, you sometimes have a hard time expressing yourself. Like everyone else, you make mistakes and there Is no reason to hide this. You are honestly doing the best you can to reach your potential and to become t he best person you can be. 2. The Fallacy of Approval: is based on the belief that you must have the approval of almost everyone.You may sacrifice your own principles and happiness to seek the acceptance of others. Accepting this leads to some ridiculous situations; Feeling nervous because people you really don't Like seem to disapprove of you. Feeling apologetic when others are at fault. Feeling embarrassed after behaving unnaturally to gain approval. The fallacy of approval is irrational because it implies that people will like you more f you go out of your way to please them. Ultimately people won't respect you if you compromise your own values.Striving for universal acceptance Is not a realistic or desirable goal. This does not mean you should be selfish, and not try to please others. But, If you must abandon your own needs and principles to seek approval, the price Is too high. 3. The Fallacy of Should: is the inability to distinguish between what is and what should be. Some pe ople constantly make complaints about the world: â€Å"There ought to be no rain on weekends. † â€Å"There shouldn't have been school today. † â€Å"Money should grow on trees. † These may be foolish, but wishing that the unchangeable should be changed won't affect reality.Many of us torture ourselves by engaging in this irrational thought, infusing is and ought: â€Å"My friend should be more understanding. † â€Å"She shouldn't be so inconsiderate. † â€Å"They ought to be more friendly. † â€Å"He should work harder. † change things is O. K. , it's unreasonable to insist the world operate the way you want it. Becoming obsessed with â€Å"should† can have troublesome consequences: First, it leads to unhappiness for people who are constantly dreaming about the ideal, and are, therefore, unsatisfied with what they have. Merely complaining without acting can keep you from changing less than satisfying conditions. Should can bui ld assistance in others who resent being nagged. It's more effective to tell people what you want them to do: â€Å"l wish you'd be on time,† is better than muff should be on time. † 4. The Fallacy of Personalization: includes two types: The first is when we base a belief on a limited amount of evidence: â€Å"I'm so stupid! I can't even figure out my income tax. † â€Å"Some friend I am! I forgot my best friend's birthday. † When we do this we focus on one shortcoming as if it represented everything about us.We must remember times that we have solved tough problems or times we have been caring and Houghton. The second occurs when we exaggerate short comings: Mimi never listen to me. † mire's always late. † â€Å"l can't think of anything. † These statements are almost always false and lead to disappointment or anger. Replace these with more accurate messages: muff often don't listen to me. † movie been late three times this week. † â€Å"l haven't had any ideas I like today. † 5. The Fallacy of Causation: is based on the irrational belief that emotions are caused by others rather than by one's own self-talk.You are not the one who causes others' feelings. It is more accurate to say that they respond to your behavior with feelings of their own. It's incorrect to say that you make others angry, upset, or happy. Others create their own responses to your behavior. This is also true when we believe that others cause our emotions. It may seem like they do, by lowering or lifting our spirits. The same actions that will cause you happiness or pain one day may have little effect at others. The insult that affected you strongly one day may not phase you the next. Why?Because you attached less significance to it the latter time. You certainly wouldn't feel some emotions without others' behavior, but it's your thinking, not their actions that determine how you feel. 6. The Fallacy of Helplessness: suggests that forces beyond your control determine satisfaction in life. People who see themselves as victims, make such statements as: â€Å"There's no way a woman can get ahead in this society. It's a man's world, and the best thing I can do is to accept it. † â€Å"l was born with a shy personality. I'd like to be more outgoing, but there's nothing I can do about that. â€Å"l can't tell my boss that she s putting too many demands on me. If I did, I might lose my Job. † Most â€Å"can't† statements are more correctly phrased as â€Å"won't† (â€Å"l can't tell him what I think† interesting conversation† becomes â€Å"l don't know what to say'). When viewed this way, it's obvious that many â€Å"cants† are really rationalizations for not wanting to change. Lonely people, for example, tend to attribute their poor interpersonal relationships to uncontrollable causes. â€Å"It's beyond my control,† they think. Also, they expect their re lational partners to reject them.This is a self-fulfilling prophecy: Believing that our relational prospects are dim can lead you to act in ways that are unattractive. You must assume responsibility for change. It can be done. 7. The Fallacy of Catastrophic Expectations: operates on the premise that if something bad can happen, it will: â€Å"If I invite them to the party, they probably won't want to come. † â€Å"If I apply for the Job I want, I probably won't be hired. † â€Å"If I tell them how I really feel, they'll probably laugh at me. † Once you start to expect terrible consequences, a self-fulfilling prophecy starts to build.One study valued that people who believed their romantic partners would not change for the better were likely to behave in ways that contributed to the breakup of the relationship. Minimizing Debilitate Emotions 1. Monitor your emotional reactions. Be aware of when you're having debilitate emotions. 2. Note the activating event. Some times it is obvious. For example, a common form of anger is being accused unfairly (or fairly) of foolish behavior; being rejected is a source of hurt, too. Sometimes it may not be a single incident, but a series of small incidents that build up and trigger a debilitate feeling.The best way o track down activating events is to notice the circumstances in which you have debilitate feelings. They may occur around certain people, types of individuals, settings, or during certain topics of conversation. 3. Record (or be aware of) your self-talk. Recognize what you are saying to yourself, your â€Å"internal monologue. † 4. Dispute your irrational beliefs. Use the list of irrational fallacies to discover which of your internal statements are based on mistaken thinking. Follow 3 steps: Decide whether each belief you've recorded is rational or irrational. Explain why the belief does or doesn't make sense. If the belief is irrational, you should write down an alternative way of think ing that is more sensible and that can leave you feeling better when faced with the same activating event in the future. These classmates quote or paraphrase information found in: Adler, Ronald and Neil Town. Looking Out Looking In. NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1996. Assignment: Listen carefully to family, classmates, and others. Describe, in detail, one incident where you or others engaged in fallacious, emotional reasoning. This assignment must be typed and at least one page in length (Times New Roman, 12 font).

Reflective Evaluation †PTTLS Module Essay

After looking at my micro teach on reflection there are a few things I could improve on. The first being my planning beforehand. To plan a lesson with more care and time gives you more opportunities for inclusive learning. Planning accordingly also gives you more freedom in your session as you always have a backup in case anything goes wrong, one can always look back at the lesson plan. Although I did plan and I had a well thought out lesson plan I just felt like more detail could have gone into my lesson plan. Teaching a group of non-dancers with a variety of ages and a variety of health issues should have made me realise some of the issues that may come with this type of lesson. I feel I should have taken more of this into consideration. Maybe not all of the students felt at ease doing the style of dancing that I chose. Maybe some of the students were not actually fit enough to take part. I did not ask if there were any health issues before the session started. If I would of and somebody would have spoken about their health issue then I would have given them the same steps as everybody else but I would of quietly had a word with them and ask them not to do it as strenuous as the others and to take it at their own pace. The majority of the students had a fun and enjoyable lesson which was one of the objectives of the class. The other objective was to know what a ‘dynamic’ is in dance. I feel all students had a clear understanding of this by the end of the session and demonstrated different dynamics in dance and could also talk about this at the end of the session. My approach to inclusion was to set the dance steps very basic so that everybody could take part. I also had a lot of praise for everybody and this I felt made everybody feel at ease as for some people this was an alien environment for them to be in, as some have never been in a dance class before. I feel I could develop this session further by having more peer assessment by braking the class down into small groups I feel this would benefit the class greatly. This would allow students to talk to each other and talk about any areas that they may be struggling with. This I feel would be better than speaking in front of the whole group about any issues you have. To assess this session I would take note of who works best together and take note of how many students struggle with the steps and possibly adapt the steps to suite the level the  non-dancers are at with regards to dance technique. Overall I feel my micro teach was a success the general feedback I got was positive and spurred me on to further my knowledge as a teacher and gain more experience as a teacher. I enjoyed my mic ro teach thoroughly.